Reactors are vessels or tanks in which chemical reactions take place. They are the most critical component of any chemical plant or process. Reactors are used to produce a wide range of chemicals, including polymers, plastics, fuels, and pharmaceuticals. The type of reactor used depends on the type of reaction that needs to take place and the conditions required for that reaction. Reactors can be batch, continuous, or semi-continuous, and they can be operated at different temperatures and pressures.

Mixers are devices used to combine two or more substances to form a homogeneous mixture. They are used in a wide range of chemical processes, including blending, emulsification, and dispersion. Mixers can be classified based on their mixing mechanisms, such as mechanical mixers, static mixers, and jet mixers. They can also be classified based on their modes of operation, such as batch mixers and continuous mixers.

Distillation columns are used to separate different components of a mixture based on their boiling points. They are widely used in the chemical industry to separate and purify various chemicals. Distillation columns can be classified into two types: batch distillation columns and continuous distillation columns. They can also be classified based on their internal structure, such as tray columns and packed columns.

Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat from one fluid to another. They are widely used in the chemical industry to heat, cool, and condense fluids. Heat exchangers can be classified based on their construction, such as shell and tube heat exchangers and plate heat exchangers. They can also be classified based on their mode of operation, such as single-phase and two-phase heat exchangers.